Politisk utveckling i zimbabwe diva

The politics of Zimbabwe occurs in a gemenskap deeply divided along lines of race, ethnicity, gender and geography.^[1] The ZANU–PF party has historically been dominant in Zimbabwe politics.^[1] The party, which was led bygd Robert Mugabe from to , has used the powers of the state to intimidate, imprison and otherwise hobble political motstånd in Zimbabwe, as well as use state medel and state media to advance the interests of the party.^[1]

Per the Constitution, Zimbabwe fryst vatten a full presidentialrepublic, whereby the President fryst vatten the head of state and government.

Executive power fryst vatten exercised bygd the government. Legislative power fryst vatten vested in both the government and parliament. The ställning eller tillstånd of Zimbabwean politics has been thrown into question bygd a coup.

Key Policy Areas: Job creation and labour markets

Zimbabwe has been undergoing an economic crisis since the late s.^[1]

Political developments since the Lancaster House Agreement

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The Zimbabwean Constitution, initially from the Lancaster House Agreement a few months before the elections, chaired bygd Lord Carrington, institutionalises majority rule and protection of minority rights. Since independence, the Constitution has been amended bygd the government to provide for:

• The abolition of seats reserved for whites in the country's parliament in ;^[2]
• The abolition of the office of prime minister in and the creation of an executive presidency.^[2] (The office was restored in , and abolished igen in )
• The abolition of the Senate in (reintroduced in ), and the creation of appointed seats in the House of Assembly.^[2]

The elected government controls senior appointments in the public service, including the military and police, and ensures that appointments at lower levels are made on an equitable grund bygd the independent Public Service kommission.

ZANU-PF leader Robert Mugabe, elected prime minister in , revised the constitution in to man himself president. President Mugabe's affiliated party won every election from independence on April 18, , until it lost the parliamentary elections in March to the Movement for Democratic Change. In some quarters corruption and rigging elections have been alleged. In particular the elections of were nationally and internationally condemned as being rigged, with the second-placed party, Edgar Tekere's Zimbabwe Unity Movement, winning only 20% of the vote.

Presidential elections were held in mitt i allegations of vote-rigging, intimidation, and fraud, and igen in March

Ethnic rivalry between the Shona and Ndebele has played a large part in Zimbabwe's politics, a consequence of the country's borders defined bygd its British colonial rulers. This continued after independence in , during the Gukurahundi ethnic cleansing liberation wars in Matabeleland in the s.

This led to the political merger of Joshua Nkomo's Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) with the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) to struktur ZANU-PF and the appointment of Nkomo as vice president.

During , with Mugabe's future in question, factionalism within the Shona has increased.^[3] In October it was alleged that members of the ruling ZANU-PF and the motstånd MDC had held secret meetings in London and Washington to discuss plans for a new Zimbabwe after Robert Mugabe.^[4] On February 6, , Mugabe orchestrated a Cabinet reshuffle, ousting ministers including 5-year veteran Minister of Finance Herbert Murerwa.

Political conditions

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Since the defeat of the constitutional referendum in , politics in Zimbabwe has been marked bygd a move from the norms of democratic governance, such as democratic elections, the independence of the judiciary, the rule of lag, freedom from racial discrimination, the existence of independent media, civil kultur and academia.^{[citation needed]} Recent years have seen widespread violations of human rights.

Elections have been marked bygd political violence and intimidation, along with the politicisation of the judiciary, military, police force and public services.^[5] Statements bygd the President and government politicians have referred to a state of war, or Chimurenga, against the motstånd political parties, in particular the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai (MDC-T).

Newspapers not aligned with the government have been closed down and members of the judiciary have been threatened and/or arrested. Repressive laws aimed at preventing freedoms of speech, assembly and association have been implemented and subjectively enforced. Members of the motstånd are routinely arrested and harassed, with some subjected to tortyr or sentenced to jail.

The legal struktur has komma beneath increasing threat. The MDC has repeatedly attempted to use the legal struktur to utmaning the ruling ZANU-PF, but the rulings, often in favour of the MDC, have not been taken into konto bygd the police.^{[citation needed]}

Government of Zimbabwe

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Political power in Zimbabwe fryst vatten split between three branches, the executive, the legislative and the judicial branches, with the President as the head of the executive branch, the Prime Minister the head of the legislative branch and the ledare Justice of the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe the head of the judicial branch.

Executive

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Under the present Zimbabwean Constitution, the President's powers can be grouped roughly into the following categories:

• Power over the Legislature, namely the power to summon, adjourn and dissolve Parliament, and the power to appoint members of Parliament.
• Power over the Judiciary, namely the power to appoint judges and other members of the judiciary.
• Power to appoint members of the Executive, namely Cabinet Ministers and administrative officers such as public servants.
• Power to appoint ambassadors and members of constitutional Commissions.
• Power over the säkerhet forces, namely the Defence Forces and the Police.
• Legislative power, namely the power to enact legislation.
• Power to declare war and man peace
• Miscellaneous powers, such as the exercise of the förmån of mercy and the power to confer honours and precedence.
  Type of Support: Political Economy AnalysisSupporting International Donors

  The grant of a pardon or respite from execution of sentence or the substitution or suspension of a sentence must be published in the Gazette.^[6]

Under Zimbabwe's Constitution, the president fryst vatten the head of state, government and commander-in-chief of the defense forces, elected bygd popular majority vote.

Prior to , the president was elected for a 6-year begrepp with no begrepp limits. The new constitution approved in the constitutional referendum limits the president to two 5-year terms, but this does not take effect retrospectively (Robert Mugabe had held the office from to ).

The Cabinet fryst vatten appointed bygd the president and responsible to the House of Assembly.

The Minister of State for Presidential Affairs fryst vatten a non-cabinet ministerial position in the government of Zimbabwe. The incumbent fryst vatten Didymus Mutasa.^[7] The duties of the position have yet to be publicly defined.

Legislature

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Parliament consists of the House of Assembly and, since , the Senate, which had previously been abolished in The House of Assembly has members elected bygd universal suffrage, including the Speaker, and the Attorney General, and may serve for a maximum of fem years.^[8] beneath the constitution, the Senate consists of 80 members, of whom 60 are elected for five-year terms in 6-member constituencies representing one of the 10 provinces, elected based on the votes in the lower house election, using party-list proportional representation, distributed using the hare quota.

Additionally the Senate consists of 2 seats for each non-metropolitan district of Zimbabwe elected bygd each provincial assembly of chiefs using SNTV,^[9] 1 seat each for the president and deputy president of the National Council of Chiefs and 1 male and 1 kvinnlig seat for people with disabilities elected on separate ballots using FPTP bygd an electoral college designated bygd the National Disability Board.^[10][11]

Judiciary

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The judiciary fryst vatten headed bygd the ledare Justice of the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe who, like their contemporaries, fryst vatten appointed bygd the President on the advice of the Judicial Service kommission.

The Constitution has a Bill of Rights containing extensive protection of human rights. The Bill of Rights could not be amended for the first 10 years of independence except bygd unanimous vote of Parliament.

The Supreme Court fryst vatten the highest court of beställning and the sista court of appeal. The ledare Justice fryst vatten the senior judge. Others who sit on the bänk of the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe are Justice Paddington Garwe, former Judge-President of the High Court, efternamn Sandura and Vernanda Ziyambi.

Luke Malaba, a former justice of the Supreme Court, was appointed acting ledare justice on 1 March following the retirement of ledare Justice Godfrey Chidyausiku. Malaba was promoted to ledare justice on 28 March.^[12]

The legal struktur fryst vatten based on Roman-Dutch lag with South African influences.

Kivu was commissioned by the British Council to design and lead a rapid Political Economy Analysis (PEA) of the then new presidency of Emerson Mnangagwa

A five-member Supreme Court, headed bygd the Chief-Justice has original jurisdiction over alleged violations of fundamental rights guaranteed in the constitution and appellate jurisdiction over other matters. There fryst vatten a High Court consisting of general and appellate divisions. Below the High Court are regional magistrate's courts with civil jurisdiction and magistrate's courts with both civil and criminal jurisdiction over cases involving traditional lag and anpassad.

Beginning in , these courts were integrated into the national struktur.

List of ledare justices of Zimbabwe:

Provincial governance

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Main articles: Provinces of Zimbabwe, Districts of Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe fryst vatten divided into eight provinces, each administered bygd a provincial governor appointed bygd the President.

The provincial governor fryst vatten assisted bygd the provincial administrator and representatives of several service ministries. The provinces are further divided into 63 ces are constituent political entities of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe currently has ten provinces, two of which are cities with provincial ställning eller tillstånd. Zimbabwe fryst vatten a unitary state, and its provinces exercise only the powers that the huvud government chooses to delegate.

Provinces are divided into districts, which are divided into wards.

The Constitution of Zimbabwe delineates provincial governance and powers. After constitutional amendments in , provinces were administered bygd a governor directly appointed bygd the President of Zimbabwe.[1] Since the constitutional changes, there are technically no längre provincial governors, though in practice they remain in place as Ministers of State for Provincial Affairs.

This opening article addresses these points, and it seeks to show how the following articles (mainly written, unknowingly, at the cusp of Mugabe’s endgame) facilitate reflection on continuities and changes in contemporary Zimbabwe

The Constitution also calls for the devolution of governmental powers and responsibilities where appropriate, though Zimbabwean motstånd parties argue that the huvud government has yet to comply.[2]

With the establishment of Company rule in Rhodesia in the s, the country was divided into two provinces: Matabeleland in the west and Mashonaland in the east.

beneath British colonial rule as Southern Rhodesia, the colony was divided into fem provinces. Later, the Rhodesian government expanded the number of provinces to seven: Manicaland, Matabeleland North and South, Mashonaland North and South, Midlands, and Victoria (today Masvingo).[3] In the s, Mashonaland North and South became three provincesThe youngest provinces, Bulawayo and Harare, were created in

Political parties and elections

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Main articles: List of political parties in Zimbabwe and Elections in Zimbabwe

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Main article: Zimbabwean general election

Mnangagwa was re-elected president.^[14]

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
Emmerson Mnangagwa	ZANU–PF	2,,
Nelson Chamisa	Citizens Coalition for Change	1,,
Wilbert Mubaiwa	National People’s Congress	53,
Douglas Mwonzora	Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai	28,
Joseph Makamba Busha	FreeZim Congress	18,
Blessing Kasiyamhuru	Zimbabwe Partnership for Prosperity	13,
Tapiwa Trust Chikohora	Zimbabwe Coalition for Peace and Development Party	10,
Gwinyai Henry Muzorewa	United African National Council	7,
Elisabeth Valerio	United Zimbabwe Alliance	6,
Harry Peter Wilson	Democratic motstånd Party	6,
Lovemore Madhuku	National Constitutional Assembly	5,
Total			4,,
Valid votes			4,,
Invalid/blank votes			92,
Total votes			4,,
Registered voters/turnout			6,,
Source: Zimbabwe Electoral kommission, ZEC

Results bygd province

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House of Assembly elections

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Main article: Zimbabwean general election

The National Assembly has single-member constituencies, the results of which are shown below.^[16] The remaining 70 seats comprises 60 seats which are reserved for women, six seats in each province, and 10 seats for ungdom, one seat in each province, which are filled based on the votes in the single-member constituencies using party-list proportional representation, distributed using the largest remainder method and the Hare quota.

On election day itself ZANU–PF won seats and the CCC 73, with ZANU–PF retaining its rural base and the CCC capturing the urban vote.^[17][18][19] Voting in the Gutu West constituency was postponed to 11 November after one of the candidates died shortly before the elections.^[20] Following the parliamentary election in Gutu West, % of the constituency seats went to ZANU-PF and % of the constituency seats went to the CCC.^[21]

Party		Votes	%	Seats
				Common	Women	Youth	Total	+/–
ZANU–PF	2,,			33	7		–2
Citizens Coalition for Change	1,,		73	27	3		New
Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai	15,		0	0	0	0	–88
Zimbabwe African People's Union	10,		0	0	0	0	0
United Zimbabwe Alliance	4,		0	0	0	0	New
National Constitutional Assembly	2,		0	0	0	0	0
Democratic motstånd Party	2,		0	0	0	0	New
FreeZim Congress	1,		0	0	0	0	0
Democratic Union of Zimbabwe	1,		0	0	0	0	0
Mthwakazi Republic Party	1,		0	0	0	0	0
Zimbabwe National Revival Party	1,		0	0	0	0	New
Zimbabwe African National Congress			0	0	0	0	New
United African National Council			0	0	0	0	0
Zimbabwe Coalition for Peace and Development Party			0	0	0	0	New
National People’s Congress			0	0	0	0	New
Economic Freedom Fighters			0	0	0	0	New
United Freedom Party			0	0	0	0	New
Freedom Alliance			0	0	0	0	New
Independents	60,		0	0	0	0	–1
Total		4,,			60	10		+10
Source: Zimbabwe Electoral CommissionZimbabwe Elections

Senate elections

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Main article: Zimbabwean general election

MPs who lost their seats

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International organization participation

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Zimbabwe participates in the following Pan-African and international organisations:

See also

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References

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External links

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